The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

VI.l

Acute pulmonary vasoconstriction and PHT

Publications

Hiong YT, Tang YK, Chui WH, Das SR

A case of catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction after protamine administration in cardiac surgery: role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2008;22(5):727-31

Ralley FE

The use of nitric oxide for managing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction arising from protamine administration.

Anesthesia and analgesia. 1999;88(3):505-7

Lowenstein E, Johnston WE, Lappas DG, D'Ambra MN, Schneider RC, Daggett WM, Akins CW, Philbin DM

Catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction associated with protamine reversal of heparin.

Anesthesiology. 1983;59(5):470-3

Lowenstein E, Zapol WM

Protamine reactions, explosive mediator release, and pulmonary vasoconstriction.

Anesthesiology. 1990;73(3):373-5