The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.h

Aspiration, aspiration pneumonia (w/wo demonstrable pharyngeal dysmotility)

Publications

de Leon J, Ruan CJ, Schoretsanitis G, Verdoux H, Friedman J, Sanz EJ, De Las Cuevas C

A Comparative Analysis of Fatal Outcomes in 5,370 Geriatric Versus 12,254 Nongeriatric Adult Patients: A Clozapine Study in VigiBase.

The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2026 Apr;34 — 2026 Apr — 591-601

Galappathie N, Khan S

Clozapine-associated pneumonia and respiratory arrest secondary to severe constipation.

Medicine, science, and the law 2014 Apr;54;105-9 — 2014 Apr — 105-9

Hinkes R, Quesada TV, Currier MB, Gonzalez-Blanco M

Aspiration pneumonia possibly secondary to clozapine-induced sialorrhea.

Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 1996 Dec;16;462-3 — 1996 Dec — 462-3