The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IX.d

Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis)

Publications

Chen SJ, Yeh CM, Chao TF, Liu CJ, Wang KL, Chen TJ, Chou P, Wang FD

The Use of Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Risk of Respiratory Failure in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study.

Sleep. 2015;38(7):1045-50

Alonso T, García E, Segrelles G, Zamora E

Respiratory acidosis secondary to drug therapy.

Archivos de bronconeumologia. 2015;51(4):204-5

Lee SC, Klein-Schwartz W, Doyon S, Welsh C

Comparison of toxicity associated with nonmedical use of benzodiazepines with buprenorphine or methadone.

Drug and alcohol dependence. 2014;138:118-23

Guo AY, Ma JD, Best BM, Atayee RS

Urine specimen detection of concurrent nonprescribed medicinal and illicit drug use in patients prescribed buprenorphine.

Journal of analytical toxicology. 2013;37(9):636-41

Kuhlman JJ Jr, McCaulley R, Valouch TJ, Behonick GS

Fentanyl use, misuse, and abuse: a summary of 23 postmortem cases.

Journal of analytical toxicology. 2003;27(7):499-504

Gueye PN, Lofaso F, Borron SW, Mellerio F, Vicaut E, Harf A, Baud FJ

Mechanism of respiratory insufficiency in pure or mixed drug-induced coma involving benzodiazepines.

Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology. 2002;40(1):35-47