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Pacemaker leads - Implantable cardiac devices

Including but not limited to implantable defibrillators. Complications may develop with insertion or later

Last update : 25/11/2018

V.b Eosinophilic pleural effusion

V.e Hemothorax - Serosanguineous pleural effusion

V.f Pneumothorax

V.n Hemopericardium - Bloody pericardial effusion

VI.a Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism

VI.o Air/gas embolism

VI.r Septic pulmonary embolism

VI.t Pulmonary artery aneurysm(s)

VII.h Pneumomediastinum

IX.j Phrenic nerve injury - Hemi- or bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis

XII.b Valvular heart disease and/or dysfunction

XII.c Pericardial effusion (w/wo tamponade)

XII.i Endocarditis (infective)

XII.ac Right atrial thrombosis

XII.aw Postcardiac/-cardiotomy injury (PCIS-Dressler syndrome)

XII.bd Perforation of the heart - Cardiac rupture

Diagnosing DIRD

Drug and radiation history

Drug singularity - Correct identification of the drug

Consistent timing of exposure v. onset of symptoms

Clinical, imaging, BAL, pathological pattern consistent with the specific drug

Careful exlusion of another cause

Remission of symptoms with removal of drug

Recurrence with rechallenge (rarely advisable)

Causality assessment

More detailed checklist

The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website

Philippe Camus, M.D.

Dijon, France