The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App
Frequency - Incidence
Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases
Evidence level/grade
Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic
Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma
Publications
Paradoxical bronchospasm from benzalkonium chloride (BAC) preservative in albuterol nebulizer solution in a patient with acute severe asthma. A case report and literature review of airway effects of BAC.
Respiratory medicine case reports 2017;21;39-41 — 2017 — 39-41
Hypersensitivity reaction after inhalation of a lactose-containing dry powder inhaler.
The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG 2014 Jul;19;206-11 — 2014 Jul — 206-11
Bronchoconstrictor properties of preservatives in ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) nebuliser solution.
British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 1987 May 09;294;1197-8 — 1987 May 09 — 1197-8